The Mediterranean diet is a mix of the culinary traditions of the Mediterranean sea. It's mostly a whole foods plant based diet based on fruits and veggies. One of the most curious diets that I’ve had the chance to review, the General Motors diet (also known as the GM Diet plan) is a 7 day eating plan which is supposed. Can you really lose fat while enjoying sirloin steak, chicken parmesan, chocolate, and real butter? If you ask Kurt, the 47-year old grandpa who lost 50 pounds in 6. One of the leading meal delivery and meal replacement diets, Medifast has been serving men and women since 1980. Read our review of The Raspberry Ketone & The Colon Cleanse Diet, Free Trial Scam. Learn how to avoid Free Trial scams. Learn if it works and side effects. The definitive source of links to the scientific underpinnings of the paleo diet. Book reviews of all books on the subject. The place to start. Nutritional Ketosis Diet May Be Key for Optimal Health. By Dr. Mercola. Obesity and top killers such as diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimer's and cancer have something significant in common — they're all rooted in insulin and leptin resistance. Sugars found in processed foods and grains are the primary culprits, and the standard American diet is chockfull of both. This is good news, as it significantly simplifies your approach to improving your health. You won't need a different set of strategies to address each condition. So how do you correct these metabolic imbalances? Your diet is key. The timing of your meals can also play an important role. Nutritional Ketosis May Be Key for Optimal Health. By eating a healthy high- fat, low- carbohydrate and low- to moderate- protein diet, you enter into what is known as nutritional ketosis: a state in which your body burns fat as its primary fuel rather than glucose (sugar). Mounting research suggests nutritional ketosis is the answer to a long list of health problems, starting with obesity. In fact, endurance athletes are turning away from conventional high- carb strategies and adopting this way of eating because it boosts physical stamina and endurance. Cancer is another area where ketogenic diets show great promise. Other benefits include fewer hunger pangs and a dramatic drop in food cravings once you've made the shift from burning sugar to burning fat as your primary fuel. Being an efficient fat burner may also boost your longevity. Researchers have identified about a dozen genes associated with longevity. According to Jeff Volek, Ph. D., a registered dietitian and professor in the Human Science Department at Ohio State University, who has done enormous work in the field of high- fat, low- carbohydrate diets and has authored several books on this topic, the primary function of one of these genes is to cripple the degradation of branched- chain amino acids (BCAAs), such as leucine. Preventing this degradation can help preserve your muscle mass. BCAAs have other benefits as well: In a number of studies involving middle- aged animal models, adding BCAAs increased muscle and cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis (the creation of new mitochondria), improving both health span and longevity. Interestingly, BCAAs are very similar in structure to ketones — energy molecules created by your liver from fats — and ketones seem to be preferentially metabolized. In other words, ketones spare those branched- chain amino acids, leaving higher levels of them in circulation while also helping you retain muscle mass and promoting longevity. Ketones — A Healthy, Clean- Burning Fuel. The primary reason that so many people are overweight and/or in poor health these days is that the Westernized diet is overloaded with non- fiber carbs as the primary fuel, which in turn inhibit your body's ability to access and burn body fat. High- quality fats, meanwhile, are a far preferable fuel, as they are utilized far more efficiently than carbs. When you burn fat as your primary fuel, your respiratory quotient (the amount of oxygen you need) typically goes down,2 which is a sign that your metabolism is running more efficiently. How to Enter Into Nutritional Ketosis. The most efficient way to train your body to use fat for fuel is to remove most of the sugars and starches from your diet, and that's true for everyone, whether you're an elite athlete or a sedentary diabetic. At the same time, you'll want to replace those carbs with healthy fats. This is only a generalization, as each person responds to foods in a different way. Some people can enter into full ketosis while eating as much as 7. Others, especially if you're insulin resistant or have type 2 diabetes, may require less than 4. This will give you an objective measure of whether or not you're truly in ketosis, rather than just relying on counting the grams of carbohydrates you consume. Nutritional ketosis is defined as blood ketones that stay in the range of 0. L). My first choice is Cronometer. That's my upgrade to the basic Cronometer nutrient tracker, and the default is set to macronutrient levels that will support nutritional ketosis. Avoid Milk and Consider MCT Oil. Aside from added sugars and grains, it is best to avoid milk for the time being, as it can be difficult to stay in ketosis if you eat or drink a lot of it. The galactose in milk is a carbohydrate and you can easily exceed your net carb allotment by drinking a single glass of milk. Casein, the primary protein in milk, can also trigger or contribute to inflammation. When you keep net carbs low, your body switches to burning fat for fuel and your liver begins to convert some of that fat into ketone bodies. This is endogenous production, meaning that they are made by your body from your fat stores or from the fats in the foods that you eat. You can boost your level of ketones by taking them in supplement form, but these exogenous ketones (made in a lab, not in your body) are not likely to be as beneficial unless you are already . Based on my understanding of mitochondrial health and metabolic function, a vast majority of health conditions could fall into this category. One of the conditions for which a ketogenic diet has the longest and best documented track record is epilepsy. This diet has been effectively used to treat drug resistant epileptic seizures since the 1. In my view, it would be wise to implement a ketogenic diet as a first- line therapy, but in conventional medicine, it's typically not considered or recommended unless the patient fails to respond to medication. Even then, this conversation may have to be initiated by the patient, or the parent of a child with seizures. As noted in the featured article: 5. This is also known as a 4: 1 ketogenic diet because it provides four times as much fat as protein and carbs combined. The modified Atkins diet (MAD) is based on a considerably less restrictive 1: 1 ratio of fat to protein and carbs. It has been shown to be equally effective for seizure control in most adults and children older than two years of age. While fats are unable to cross the blood brain barrier, ketones, being water- soluble fats, can cross it and feed your brain. They also appear to lower markers of systemic inflammation, such as IL- 6 and others. Many times, improved cognition and mental acuity are among the first things people notice when entering nutritional ketosis. Ketones are the preferred source of energy for your brain in general, but especially for those affected by diabetes, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and maybe even ALS, because in these diseases certain neurons have become insulin resistant or have lost the ability to efficiently utilize glucose, which causes the neurons to die off. When ketones are present, these neurons have a better chance of surviving and thriving. As noted in the featured article, . They also do not need insulin to help them cross cell membranes, including neuronal membranes. Instead, they use simple diffusion, so they can even enter cells that have become insulin resistant. This is likely one of the reasons nutritional ketosis works so well for a variety of neurological problems and diseases. It even shows promise for. Migraine headaches: Following a ketogenic diet for four weeks has been shown to reduce migraine frequency and lower the use of pain medication. Traumatic brain injuries: Animal studies suggest it can help reduce brain swelling, improve motor function and speed up recovery, although it appears more effective in the young than the old. Human studies still need to validate these findings. Metabolic Conditions Improve on Ketogenic Diet Nutritional ketosis is also indicated for obesity, metabolic syndrome (prediabetes) and diabetes. This is not surprising, considering the fact that one of its beneficial effects is correcting insulin resistance. If you meet at least three of the following criteria, you may be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome: abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure and/or elevated fasting blood sugar. Nutritional ketosis has been shown to improve most of these. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is strongly associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, has also been shown to improve on a low- carb diet high in healthy fats. In one study,1. 3 obese men diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and NAFLD showed significant improvement in their weight, blood pressure, liver enzymes and liver fat after four months on a ketogenic diet; 2. NAFLD. Glycogen storage disease (GSD) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) deficiency syndrome are two other conditions for which a ketogenic diet is a literal life saver. GSD is characterized by a lack of an enzyme that helps store glucose as glycogen or break glycogen down into glucose. The exact form of the disease depends on which enzyme in question that's lacking. As noted by Authority Nutrition. However, early research suggests that a ketogenic diet may benefit people with some forms of GSD, . Seizures and impaired motor skills are two common symptoms that typically manifest shortly after birth. The benefit of a ketogenic diet is quite apparent in this case, as ketones do not need this protein in order to enter your brain. Hence ketones are an ideal fuel for GLUT1 deficient people, allowing their brains to function more normally. Hormonal and Nervous System Disorders May Improve on Ketogenic Diet. Your hormone regulation and nervous system may also benefit from being an effective fat burner. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are two conditions that appear to respond well to this switch in primary fuel. Glyphosate - Wikipedia. Glyphosate. Names. IUPAC name. N- (phosphonomethyl)glycine. Other names. 2- . It is an organophosphorus compound, specifically a phosphonate. It is used to kill weeds, especially annual broadleaf weeds and grasses that compete with crops. It was discovered to be an herbicide by Monsanto chemist John E. Franz in 1. 97. 0. In 2. 00. 7, glyphosate was the most used herbicide in the United States' agricultural sector and the second- most used in home and garden (2,4- D being the most used), government and industry, and commerce. It inhibits a plant enzyme involved in the synthesis of three aromatic amino acids: tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine. Therefore, it is effective only on actively growing plants and is not effective as a pre- emergence herbicide. An increasing number of crops have been genetically engineered to be tolerant of glyphosate (e. Roundup Ready soybean, the first Roundup Ready crop, also created by Monsanto) which allows farmers to use glyphosate as a postemergence herbicide against weeds. The development of glyphosate resistance in weed species is emerging as a costly problem. While glyphosate and formulations such as Roundup have been approved by regulatory bodies worldwide, concerns about their effects on humans and the environment persist. The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment toxicology review in 2. The work was never published. Monsanto chemists had synthesized about 1. Two were found to have weak herbicidal activity, and John E. Franz, a chemist at Monsanto, was asked to try to make analogs with stronger herbicidal activity. Glyphosate was the third analog he made. Duke and Stephen B. Powles, an Australian weed expert — described glyphosate as a . Both the phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid moieties can be ionised and the amine group can be protonated and the substance exists as a series of zwitterions. Glyphosate is soluble in water to 1. The original synthetic approach to glyphosate involved the reaction of phosphorus trichloride with formaldehyde followed by hydrolysis to yield a phosphonate. Glycine is then reacted with this phosphonate to yield glyphosate, and its name is taken as a contraction of the compounds used in this synthesis - viz. The first is to react iminodiacetic acid with phosphorous acid and hydrochloric acid (sometimes formed in situ by addition of phosphorus trichloride) via a modified Mannich reaction. Oxidation then leads to the desired glyphosate product. Iminodiacetic acid is usually prepared on- site, such as by reaction of chloroacetic acid with ammonia and calcium hydroxide to produce the calcium iminodiacetate salt and then acidification of the product. When hydrogen cyanide is readily available as a by- product (say), an alternative approach is to use iminodiacetonitrile, HN(CH2. CN)2, and diethanolamine is also a suitable starting material. Glycine and paraformaldehyde are reacted in a suitable organic solvent (typically triethylamine and methanol) to produce bishydroxymethylglycine, (HOCH2)2. NCH2. COOH. Dimethyl phosphite is then introduced and work- up with hydrochloric acid cleaves the hydroxymethyl group from the nitrogen atom whilst heating speeds the hydrolysis of both phosphate ester linkages. It does this by inhibiting the enzyme 5- enolpyruvylshikimate- 3- phosphate synthase (EPSPS), which catalyzes the reaction of shikimate- 3- phosphate (S3. P) and phosphoenolpyruvate to form 5- enolpyruvyl- shikimate- 3- phosphate (EPSP). While growth stops within hours of application, it takes several days for the leaves to begin turning yellow. Ground and surface water pollution is limited. Though both glyphosate and AMPA are commonly detected in water bodies, a portion of the AMPA detected may actually be the result of degradation of detergents rather than from glyphosate. The mechanism of glyphosate sorption to soil is similar to that of phosphate fertilizers, the presence of which can reduce glyphosate sorption. If glyphosate reaches surface water, it is not broken down readily by water or sunlight. Soil and climate conditions affect glyphosate's persistence in soil. The median half- life of glyphosate in water varies from a few to 9. A site in Iowa had a half- life of 1. In this case, the persistence of AMPA was attributed to the soil being frozen for most of the year. However, a field test showed that lettuce, carrots, and barley contained glyphosate residues up to one year after the soil was treated with 3. By volume, it is one of the most widely used herbicides. It has a relatively small effect on some clover species and morning glory. The controlled application is usually combined with a selective herbicide and traditional methods of weed eradication such as mulching to achieve an optimal effect. However, up to 2. A version of the enzyme that was both resistant to glyphosate and that was still efficient enough to drive adequate plant growth was identified by Monsanto scientists after much trial and error in an Agrobacterium strain called CP4, which was found surviving in a waste- fed column at a glyphosate production facility. In 1. 99. 6, genetically modified soybeans were made commercially available. Various salt formulations include isopropylamine, diammonium, monoammonium, or potassium as the counterion. Some brands include more than one salt. Some companies report their product as acid equivalent (ae) of glyphosate acid, or some report it as active ingredient (ai) of glyphosate plus the salt, and others report both. To compare performance of different formulations, knowledge of how the products were formulated is needed. Given that different salts have different weights, the acid equivalent is a more accurate method of expressing and comparing concentrations. Adjuvant loading refers to the amount of adjuvant. Fully loaded products contain all the necessary adjuvants, including surfactant; some contain no adjuvant system, while other products contain only a limited amount of adjuvant (minimal or partial loading) and additional surfactants must be added to the spray tank before application. The most common formulation in agriculture is 3. More commonly, rates of 3 l/ha are practiced for control of annual weeds between crops. Another important ingredient in some formulations is the surfactantpolyethoxylated tallow amine. Monsanto also produces seeds which grow into plants genetically engineered to be tolerant to glyphosate. The genes contained in these seeds are patented. Such crops allow farmers to use glyphosate as a postemergence herbicide against most broadleaf and cereal weeds. Soy was the first glyphosate- resistant crop. In 2. 00. 3 Monsanto patented the use of glyphosate as an antiparasitic. However, in addition to glyphosate salts, commercial formulations of glyphosate contain additives such as surfactants which vary in nature and concentration. The surfactants are added to enable the glyphosate to penetrate the cuticle of the plants. Toxicologists have studied glyphosate alone and formulations. Glyphosate alone. The LD5. 0 of glyphosate is 5,0. The acute dermal LD5. Indications of glyphosate toxicity in animals typically appear within 3. These include the induction of positive trends in the incidence of renal tubule carcinoma and haemangiosarcoma in male mice, and increased pancreatic islet- cell adenoma in male rats. Evidence also shows that such herbicides cause direct electrophysiological changes in the cardiovascular systems of rats and rabbits. The 9. 6- hour LC5. Palaemonetas vulgaris) and 9. Uca pagilator). These values make glyphosate . Efficacy was described for numerous bacteria and fungi. Further research is required to determine the impact of glyphosate on earthworms in complex ecosystems. As agricultural spray adjuvants, surfactants may be mixed into commercial formulations, such as Roundup, or they may be purchased separately and mixed on- site (tank mix). Polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) is a surfactant used in the original Roundup formulation and was still being commonly used in 2. A 1. 99. 7 US government report said that Roundup is 1. POEA while Roundup Pro is 1. Workers exposed to glyphosate were about twice as likely to get B cell lymphoma. These effects are probably due to the preservative benzisothiazolin- 3- one. Severe skin burns are very rare. Eye exposure may lead to mild conjunctivitis. Superficial corneal injury is possible if irrigation is delayed or inadequate. More severe cases cause . These habitats do not necessarily constitute formal water- bodies and can contain higher concentrations of pesticide compared to larger water- bodies. These effects include interference with gill morphology and mortality from either the loss of osmotic stability or asphyxiation. At sub- lethal concentrations, exposure to POEA or glyphosate/POEA formulations have been reported to be associated with delayed development, accelerated development, reduced size at metamorphosis, developmental malformations of the tail, mouth, eye and head, histological indications of intersex and symptoms of oxidative stress. According to the authors, the use of glyphosate- based pesticides cannot be considered the major cause of amphibian decline, the bulk of which occurred prior to the widespread use of glyphosate or in pristine tropical areas with minimal glyphosate exposure. The authors recommended further study of species- and development- stage chronic toxicity, of environmental glyphosate levels, and ongoing analysis of data relevant to determining what if any role glyphosate might be playing in worldwide amphibian decline, and suggest including amphibians in standardized test batteries. Selection for this program is based on a compound's prevalence of use and does not imply particular suspicion of endocrine activity. The Weight of Evidence conclusion stated . It found that . Vytenis Andriukaitis, European Commissioner for Health and Food Safety, wrote an open letter to the Chair of the Board of the Glyphosate Task at Monsanto Europe asking to publish the full studies provided to the EFSA.
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